Review Article

A Review of mechanisms for controlling organic and inorganic pollutants through phytoremediation

Abstract

This study indicates that the tremendous scientific and technological advancements—which have led to the economic development of the world and progress in various fields—have also given rise to new challenges, particularly in nature conservation and environmental protection. This is primarily due to the discharge of pollutants into the components of the ecosystem (water, air, soil), which serve as the ultimate repositories for these elements. Chemicals of natural or industrial origin that are discharged into the environment as a result of human activity are known as environmental pollutants, and they are detrimental to both the environment and human health. With an emphasis on the removal of both organic and inorganic pollutants, including heavy metals like lead, mercury, zinc, and cadmium, as well as on plants’ capacity to accumulate high concentrations of toxic substances within their tissues without compromising their life cycles, the study examines phytoremediation techniques and their mechanisms of action. Compared to other mechanical methods, this technology is more stable and effective, is less expensive, and is ecologically benign. It is also used to remove a variety of environmental pollutants.Furthermore, the study highlights biotechnological techniques used to restore polluted water and soil environments to their natural state and emphasizes the development of phytoremediation technology for polluted lands. This is achieved by improving genetic traits and enhancing soil conditions—both physical and nutritional—to create an ideal environment for the growth of remediation plants. These plants break down or decompose organic pollutants and heavy metals, absorb them, stabilize them, and convert them into substances that are not harmful to the environment. In addition, the use of large trees, whose roots extend deep and far into the soil, is recommended because they are more effective than smaller plants in eliminating pollutants.