Review Article

A Review of Health-Aware Modeling and Control Strategies for Battery Energy Storage Systems

Abstract

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are critical enablers of modern power systems, supporting renewable energy integration, grid stability, and flexible energy management. However, battery degradation, safety risks, and high lifecycle costs remain major barriers to their long-term economic viability. In response, health-aware modeling and control strategies have emerged as a key paradigm for explicitly embedding battery aging and health considerations into system-level decision-making. This review provides a structured and integrative synthesis of state-of-the-art health-aware approaches for BESS, with a particular emphasis on how degradation knowledge is translated into modeling, control, and energy management frameworks. First, fundamental battery degradation mechanisms and key health indicators are reviewed to establish a unified physical and operational foundation. Electrochemical, equivalent-circuit, data driven, and hybrid battery models are then critically compared based on their ability to capture aging dynamics, computational tractability, and suitability for real-time applications. Subsequently, health-aware control strategies including rule-based methods, model predictive control, optimization-based energy management, and learning-based approaches are systematically analyzed, highlighting trade-offs between performance, battery lifetime, and implementation complexity. Practical applications in grid connected systems, microgrids, electric vehicles, and second-life BESS are discussed to demonstrate real-world relevance. Distinct from existing surveys, this review emphasizes the coupling between modeling fidelity and control design, and explicitly frames battery health as a unifying optimization objective rather than a secondary constraint. Finally, open research challenges and future directions are identified, including scalability, uncertainty management, real-time deployment, and the integration of health, safety, and economic objectives. This work aims to serve as a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners developing sustainable, reliable, and health-aware BESS solutions.